European politics has been reshaped in recent decades by a dual process ofcentralization and decentralization. At the same time that authority in manypolicy are... » 

European politics has been reshaped in recent decades by a dual process ofcentralization and decentralization. At the same time that authority in manypolicy areas has shifted to the supranational level of the European Union sonational governments have given subnational regions within countries more sayover the lives of their citizens. At the forefront of scholars who characterizethis dual process as _multilevel governance_ Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marksargue that its emergence in the second half of the twentieth century is awatershed in the political development of Europe. Hooghe and Marks explain whymultilevel governance has taken place and how it shapes conflict in nationaland European political arenas. «